History of Special Education Essay

The historical backdrop of Special Education similarly as any history; is a long fight that has been battled by numerous who minded so as to carry us to where we are today. Its Journey has and will be endless; since society is always developing. We will be battling for equivalent rights in training and in life for a long time to come since the meaning of Special Education is definitely not an exact one. In this paper you will get familiar with the essentials of what treacheries we have transcended, to the present status we are in, and even what prospects the future may hold for the Special Education Teacher and the framework you will come to either adore or loathe. Composed documentation of the treatment and instruction of individuals with Special needs goes back to the very beginning; albeit most were slaughtered before the seventeenth century and took a gander at as an evil entity. It was not until the seventeenth Century that these youngsters and grown-ups were alive in organizations where individuals like Phillipe Pinel, â€Å"one of the establishing fathers of present day psychiatry and recognized educator of inside medication, started treatment of people with dysfunctional behavior utilizing graciousness, regard, and the desire for fitting behavior† (Curtis, 1993 as refered to in GCU, (n.d. ), para. 10). Pinel set up for progressively gutsy people to transcend the standard of society and treat individuals with Special needs as individuals; meriting thoughtfulness and regards as others have been treated for a considerable length of time. A lot more specialists, clinicians, and later educators rose up to play the job as supporter for an individual or gathering of individuals who were viewed as Special needs. It was not until the 1800’s when we as a general public paid heed to this lifetime of foul play that these individuals with Special needs had persevered. In the 1820’s an instructor and later specialist; Samuel Gridley Howe trained a lady named Laura Bridgman, who was both hard of hearing and visually impaired, the letters in order in a Massachusetts school (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012). It was not until these striking demonstrations that individuals began to accept that those with unique needs were not useless and were fit for being shown the fundamental abilities society expects of us. Society paid heed yet in no way, shape or form were people with Special needs thought to be equivalent and meriting similar training as those of the Caucasian race in the United States as of now. Those with Special needs were as yet isolated in foundations and schools for individuals with similar requirements; similarly as individuals were isolated by the shade of their skin. It was not until 1954, and the assistance of the Supreme Court case Brown v. the Board of Education, Topeka, KS. That it turned into the obligation of the United States Government and their Public Education System to train each kid even those with Special needs. This case made it with the goal that NO CHILD could be victimized in the training framework in light of contrasts. In 1965, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was authorized to order the instructive framework and give rules to the sort of training understudies ought to get; yet escape clauses were found and individuals were forgotten about. It was in 1972, that ALL kids in the United States were ordered to have a free, proper instruction; and yes it was a result of more legal disputes! This new law’s administrations were still legitimately gave in independent study halls, however at any rate those homerooms were currently ordered to follow indistinguishable instructive objectives from the General Education study halls were giving their understudies; exactly at the level esteemed proper by the instructor (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012). After that in 1973, the legislature passed the Rehabilitation Act, which was the main Civil Rights Educational change which pronounced Segregation as an unfairness regardless of race, statement of faith, or distinction other than age; and accordingly unlawful. Area 504 of this demonstration requires the documentation and a portrayal of any administrations required for every understudy to get proper training (GCU, 2008). In 1975, Congress sanctioned the principal bit of Legislation that completely portrayed and named what was the United States Special Education System and what it comprised of. It was known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (GCU, 2008). The Final bit of Legislation was the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. This demonstration is the second bit of Civil Rights enactment throughout the entire existence of the United States; it orders that any truly or intellectually impeded individual get equivalent open door in open lodging, work, transportation, state and nearby taxpayer driven organizations, and broadcast communications (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012). The Education for All Handicapped Children Act enactment, despite the fact that it has experienced numerous amendments’ is as yet utilized today. The most current alteration of the demonstration is the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA); the name was changed in 1990 and has under gone two re-approvals since. This Law is there to adjust other instructive laws, for example, NCLB 2001 (the revision to the ESEA for all understudies in the United States) and the two Civil Right Acts so as to guarantee that any understudy with an inability gets free and suitable training. Since NCLB and IDEA give government subsidizing to the state and state funded schools they are incredibly itemized and managed to guarantee that they are followed. These details’ incorporate, yet are not restricted to; every debilitated understudy must get free and fitting instruction as any non handicapped understudy in the at all fretful condition (LRE), nondiscriminatory distinguishing proof (incapacity marking), individualized training program (IEP), zero reject, fair treatment protects, and parent and understudy rights rules and guidelines (GCU, (n. d. ), para. 14). There are MANY things I might want to reason as changes for the up and coming re-approval of IDEA, yet these are the most significant ones! The primary Thing I would do is have a particular arrangement of measures that would decide and characterize Special Education in light of the fact that there isn't one meaning of what our administration thinks about Special Education. It needs to not be a cover that can be deciphered from multiple points of view; this is the reason we have such huge numbers of legitimate cases. Second on the off chance that the legislature might want â€Å"Highly Qualified Teachers†, at that point how can it be that General Education instructors just need to take 2 classes about the Special Education System yet every study hall in the U. S. is ensured to have at any rate one understudy with an IEP! Heward refered to that â€Å"more than 6 million kids and youth with incapacities, ages 3-21, got Special Education Services during the 2005-2006 school year† and that number has just kept on expanding in grades first - seventh because of early recognition (U. S. Division of Education, as refered to in Heward, 2009, p. 10-11). Last, we believe Children with Behavior issues to be Special Education understudies, yet they need to experience a gigantic framework before we can get them help. Referral, FBA, BIP, BSP, IEP, and afterward they might be viewed as a Special Education Student. The law has it ordered that solitary a Behavior Specialist can do the assessments; yet by law they just require 1 Behavioral Specialist PER DISTRICT (Wheeler, J. , Richey, D. , 2010). It is dependent upon the area to manage the cost of or higher more at their verbosity. The issue is that running these assessments and rounding out this administrative work are by all account not the only duties in their sets of responsibilities. So half (if not more in certain locale) of the cases alluded are not being analyzed every year in light of the fact that there are insufficient individuals at work and hours in a school day (Wheeler, J. , Richey, D. , 2010). The main way any educator can genuinely help the entirety of the understudies they instruct; is by knowing the accounts and laws of the Education System and the Special Education Services that are accessible to support them. These administrations and instructional techniques are valuable to any understudy who doesn't comprehend a theme within reach; not simply the ones named Special Education. We have to not trust that a determination will support our understudies; however start mediations promptly whenever there's any hint of battle. In the event that the intercession doesn't enable, at that point to allude the understudy for a Special Education Evaluation; yet never sit tight for a kid to totally come up short so as to look for help. In this paper you took in the nuts and bolts of what shameful acts we have raised above since the beginning, the present status which we are in, and what prospects the future may hold for the Special Education Teacher and the framework you have come to either cherish or disdain. What's to come is in your grasp; so go out and change the world each understudy in turn. References Curtis, R. H. (1993). Incredible lives: medication. New York: Maxwell Macmillan International. Reference book Britannica. (2012). Online Encyclopedia. Recovered on April 2, 2012, from www. britannica. com Grand Canyon University. (2008). Asset 2: Special Education Supplment. Recovered on March 30, 2012, from Angel’s Canyon Connect, Additional Readings at www. my. gcu. edu Grand Canyon University. (n. d. ). SPE 526 Module 1 Readings. Recovered on March 30, 2012, from Angel’s Canyon Connect, Module 1 Readings at www. my. gcu. edu Heward, William L. (2009). Uncommon Children: An Introduction to Special Education (ninth ed. ). Columbus, OH: Published by Merrill. Wheeler, J. , Richey, D. (2010). Conduct Management: Principles and Practices of Positive Behavior Supports (second ed. ). Columbus, OH: Merrill.

Discussing the importance of partnerships in a child care setting

The University of Michigan Fab Five Essay -- College Basketball Sports

There is by all accounts a barely recognizable difference, a three-point line, between stretching the limits and pushing an upset. In 1991, five green beans from the University of Michigan recklessly ventured over that line rethinking the universe of school b-ball as we was already aware it and simultaneously, upset the connection among style and game. These men were new in a larger number of ways than one, making a whole country name them astonishing. They carried a hip and a bounce to a game that was beforehand level. Anybody following school ball adored or hated to cherish the Fab Five, showing that whichever way five things were on individuals' brains or TV screens. Regardless of whether you were a child asking your mother to take you to an outdoor supplies store, as was I, to get those dark Nike socks for your next game, or a grown-up watching through squinting eyes as five sets of additional huge shorts and strut lingered over your preferred group's home court, you were brimmin g with stunningness. Chris Webber, Jimmy King, Jalen Rose, Juwan Howard, and Ray Johnson showed a change of style through curiously large disposition and garments. From that point forward, I can't help suspecting that whoever got an opportunity to know these folks from the stands or couch has been throbbing for a sample of that envelope that they pushed back in the mid nineties. Each child whose most loved show was Saved by the Bell and whoever genuinely contended in b-ball needs to be the person who pulls his shorts down past his hips when his mother advised him to pull up before his game and play so well that he gets no obnoxious attack in transit back to the vehicle. I'm left considering what these five folks were extremely about, and why they chose to reform the mentality of the game they played. All things considered, they appeared to design the insurgency on a whimââ€"or... ...r's notorious break. Like a Shakespearean disaster the Fab Five's peak came toward the end and same powers that made them rise made them fall. Once upon a line, these five first year recruits were simply thatââ€"five players that showed their interesting bound together mentalities through back street oh no and loose shorts. These five were the first to recognize the value of moving another part of that road game onto the cleaned school court. Apparently, this transplant of dress and style was just conceivable as a result of their boss play, and like a few transplants, was vulnerable to the ordinary sickness of media consideration and promotion normal for any sorted out game. Eventually, just their shrewdly used similar sounding words epithet stays on the line they crossed every one of those years back. First year recruit status, long shorts, dark socks, arrogant disposition. What did it make a difference? They were the Fab Five.

The Benefits of Book Report

The Benefits of Book Report To begin with, you'll need to create a book report outline that follows the normal book report format. Examples of book report formats ought to be used dependent on the kinds of templates they are. The examples of book report formats can be employed by different individuals based on the sorts of the examples. The below-listed examples of book report format are certain to aid you with such issues. The Ugly Side of Book Report Take into consideration how you feel when you read some portions of the book to find a sense of the tone. Regardless of what literary work you must review. One of the things which separates college papers from the book reports which people will write in middle school is the very simple truth that college papers have a tendency to concentrate on ideas to a large extent. There's nothing impossible for students, but when it has to do with time, they might become frustrated. The writing and data quality is quite different and I wish to determine a more equitable system. When reading nonfiction books, concentrate on identifying the key ideas, be prepared to speak about them. Writing a book report can be an arduous task which requires you to take care of a massive amount of data in a comparatively modest space. Now, write down a quick collection of topics that you're semi-familiar with. There is almost always a most important idea and many secondary ideas in a book and you only have to search for them. Before you speak about your own thoughts, however, be certain to establish what the theme is and the way it appears in the story. Explain just what theme you are going to be exploring in your book report. You may simply select a theme that appears to be absolutely the most important or the one you enjoy the most and attempt to bring some of your thoughts to emphasize the topic. Life After Book Report Finishing up that report in the next steps is much easier. Distribution After all else is completed , it's time to receive your report to market. Book report templates will be able to help you in writing a book report easily and in short moment. Make sure you use loads of examples from the book to back up your opinions. Book reports are like book reviews but there are a few important differences. Furthermore, they are not real-world writing tasks. The book report might be the most dreaded elementary classroom assignment of all moment. The very first principal paragraph is a concise overview of the book, organized in the exact order as the book itself. Middle grade-level book reports will give the fundamental facts about a book, a review of the plot, and a few comments about the student's opinions and impressions. Next you'll offer a concise plot summary. You should place one particular sentence overview of the full work in the previous line of introduction. The use of the funding body in the plan of the analysis and collection, analysis, and interpretation of informati on and in writing the manuscript ought to be declared. All manuscripts must incorporate an Availability of information and materials' statement. Book reports are a large part of the curriculum. Writing a book report is a typical activity students are expected to go through today. In the event you should assign a book report to be written about the principal character, it ought to be explained that characters are the men and women in the story. Therefore, whenever your children want to understand about characters, they must be careful they don't believe everything they say. The 2 characters are from various villages. You might analyze the characters or themes of the job. Book reports are typical tasks for college students that help to estimate their writing, analytical, and critical thinking abilities. Below you will discover a couple of writing hints, which can help you a fantastic thing. The expectations for high school students are likely to be higher when it has to do with book report templates. Therefore, they often seek book report help in order to understand how to write one. You have to identify if a part of the book is related to its context or merely an easy side story. For instance, you can locate a sentence that clearly describes the key setting in the book like, the castle was gloomy and made from huge grey stones. You are able to compare the book in regard to others you've read. Instilling a love of reading in your son or daughter is among the best gifts you can give them inside their life. When some people today believe there's no one to speak to but there always is a person who would like to provide help. The far better prepared men and women are to address problems, the more likely they should be in a position to achieve that. So How About Book Report? The very first step towards book report writing is to select a book and read it. The American writers working with Ultius may have understanding of the book you are consi dering for your book report. It is possible to download blank book reportto guide you through the procedure for writing. There's more than 1 approach to finish a book report. It is the answer. A book report is a lot more than only a book summary with a very good introduction. It includes a short summary regarding the contents of a book along with your own opinion on it. A Secret Weapon for Book Report If you can't afford to purchase the book, you may read it online at no cost at bestlibraryspot.net. The sale copy of your eBook should not be exceedingly elaborate. Information like ebooks are simple and fast to create and you don't need to fret about keeping up with inventory since it is limitless. What you're able to give out for free together with your eBook is additional information regarding your merchandise.

The Myers Briggs Personality Test - 1343 Words

For each of us, knowing our personality type and temperament allows us to leverage our strengths and to recognize areas of weakness. This can also be extended to our interactions with others, so that we attempt to recognize the personality and temperaments of those around us, i.e. Typewatching, in order to facilitate more efficient and effective communication. In so doing, we can become better employees, managers, spouses, children, and, ultimately, for the Christian, more like Christ. The Myers-Briggs Personality Test can provide a general overview of one’s personality type as a starting point to positively influence organizational behavior. Myers-Briggs Personality Test Project For each of us, knowing our personality type and temperament allows us to leverage our strengths and to recognize areas of weakness. This can also be extended to our interactions with others, so that we attempt to recognize the personality and temperaments of those around us, i.e. Typewatching, in order to facilitate more efficient and effective communication. In so doing, we can become better employees, managers, spouses, children, and, ultimately, for the Christian, more like Christ. According to Kroeger, Thuesen Rutledge (2002), â€Å"there is practically no limit to the applications of Typewatching at work, from individual problem solving to restructuring entire companies† (p. 9). Requirement 1 This exercise has allowed me to characterize my overarching preferences in the fourShow MoreRelatedThe Myers Briggs Personality Test1378 Words   |  6 PagesFor the Myers Briggs personality test I am an ISTP when I am stress and when I am at my best. I was surprised with these results due to the fact that my freshman year in the Harold Leadership Academy I was required to take the Myers Briggs assessment and scored the letters INFJ. I find myself leaning more towards INFJ because the test was at least seventy-five questions. When reading the definitions of ISTP and INFJ I find that I would agree with my personality having a little bit of both. The MyersRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Personality Test1369 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper describes the results of the Myers-Briggs personality types of extravert, intuitive, thinking, and judging (ENTJ). These personality results identify potential careers and occupations, communication types, and partner compatibility informat ion. The research will describe the validity of each personality trait and the characteristics associated with the personality of ENTJ. Additionally, the research is beneficial for my career to gain an understanding of how I can apply my strengthsRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Personality Test1278 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Myers-Briggs personality test was created; to understand diversity and help us learn and become better individuals to the world at large. This paper evaluates the results of my Myers-Briggs test and how it applies in my personal life and career. Furthermore, I discuss what I have learned and how it it would benefit me in the future. ïÆ' ¼Needs work The Myers-Briggs personality test is designed to categorize human personality and behavior. Based on Carl Jung’s theory, Katherine C. Briggs and herRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Personality Test768 Words   |  4 PagesLindsey Osbon Mrs. Brennan English II H - 6th 5 September 2014 Lindsey Madison Osbon: The Supervisor Who would have known that four letters can describe a person in complete detail! The Myers Briggs Personality Test can explain your own personality better than you ever thought you could. My personality falls under ESTJ, which stands for extraverted, sensing, thinking, judging. ESTJ s are usually hard workers that use logic and tradition to complete things efficiently while staying organizedRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Personality Test1478 Words   |  6 Pagesweek of class, we were asked to complete the Myers Briggs Personality test, and then to read up on our results. Once I had completed the typology â€Å"test†, I received my results in the form of four letters: INTJ, and afterwards, I decided to view what the four letters represented. Likewise, once I had begun to read the explanation provided by the website, I found that I was agreeing with several of the sentiments, as I felt it not only described my personality to near perfection, but also for the reasonRead MoreT he Myers Briggs Personality Test1166 Words   |  5 Pagesdevices attempt to tell us our personalities, or our combination of traits and behaviors that make up who we are. However, psychologists today deviate from those unsubstantiated methods and have concocted various personality tests that give us a better understanding of who we are. One such test is called the Myers-Briggs personality test. Based on theories by Carl Jung, but primarily created by Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother, Katharine Cook Briggs, the test gives people a standardized surveyRead MoreMyer Briggs Personality Test : Myer1516 Words   |  7 Pages Myer-Briggs Personality Test When taking the Myer-Briggs personality test I was somewhat nervous about my results because I was learning about myself answering the questions even before I completed the assessment. My results for the personality assessment were INFJ which means introverted intuitive feeling judging. According to the humanmetrics article, INFJs are distinguished by both their complexity of character and the unusual range and depth of their talents. The article also suggests theyRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Personality Test923 Words   |  4 Pagesto God that he gave me stubbornness when I know I am right†. John Adams, like myself was introverted, intellectual, thinking, and judging, or an INTJ on the Myers Briggs personality test. Like all INTJs, Adams was stubborn and flouted the ideas of others that he did not agree with. By using my results from the Meyers Briggs personality test, I can examine how I react to certain things and use this to improve my Spirituality, my relationship with God, and ultimately my relationship with others throughRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Personality Test2071 Words   |  9 PagesThe Myers-Briggs Personality Test is discussed in two steps. In Step 1, the results of my Myers-Briggs Personality test are discussed while going into detail about each letter. Real life examples are provided for context of each letter. The weaknesses of each letter are also discussed. In Step 2, the lessons learned about how it relates to organizational behavior and to my specific organization are discussed. Project 1: Myers-Briggs Personality Test Discussion The Myers-Brigg Typology test is designedRead MoreMyers Briggs Personality Test : Evaluation997 Words   |  4 Pagesweek’s assignment will focus on Myers-Briggs personality test, which will include results from the Jung typology test. I have learned that my Jung Typology results is a ENTJ which put me in the Executive type of leadership position. ENTJ I will discuss ENTJ personality as a whole and the meaning of each letter within the results. Finally I will touch up on what I have learned as a whole and how to improve myself within my organization. ENTJ ENTJ according to Myers-Briggs are naturally born leaders and

The Epidemic Of Botswana, South Africa Essay - 1282 Words

1 Today, in the world, especially African Countries in the South are facing an epidemic that has gone completely ignored by their very own government. Instead of proposing policies directed towards reducing the amount of HIV/AIDS cases that continue to rise each year, they have chosen to implement failed policies or none at all. Countries that have attempted to enact government policy to try to decrease the spread of the epidemic has ultimately failed in a broad sense. The epidemic is known as the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the virus Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) (†¦). For this research paper, the countries of Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe will be each contrasted to Rwanda. the Southern African Countries’ mentioned previously HIV/AIDS rates are among the highest in Africa because of the lack of government action; whereas Rwanda’s rate of infection is among the lowest. Questions that should be answered by the end of this research pa per will be, â€Å"Which Southern African Countries’ policies are more effective and why are some more effective than others? Is this perhaps a measure of state capacity?† Before one is able to fully grasp an understanding of the rapid spread of this disease or is able to grasp the understanding of the failed policies of each African Country, it would best serve one to know the basic background of the countries of Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Basic knowledge of each country, Botswana, South Africa, andShow MoreRelatedMedical Schools Are Lesotho And Swaziland890 Words   |  4 PagesThe only two Southern African countries that do not currently have medical schools are Lesotho and Swaziland. These two countries are both landlocked within South Africa so they may utilize the medical schools in South Africa. When looking at the class sizes, it can be observed that most countries with medical school in South Africa do not produce more than 100 doctors a year. This leaves an extreme need for more doctors in the area because their ratio of doctors to patients is so minute. In comparisonRead MoreReligion And Africa By Jenny Trinitapoli And Alexander Wienreb1414 Words   |  6 PagesIn the book Religion and AIDS in Africa by Jenny Trinitapoli and Alexander Wienreb, describe the role that religion plays in interpreting, preventing, and coping with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. In my view, the variation across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is due, in part, to different health care and political/government systems. The variation that is seen in healthcare across SSA, where Botswana where programs and access to antiretroviral therapy compared to Zambia. The other variationRead MoreDva 15011489 Words   |  6 PagesDVA 1501 Two-thirds of all people infected with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa, although this region contains little more than 10% of the world’s population. AIDS has caused immense human suffering in the continent. The most obvious effect of this crisis has been illness and death, but the impact of the epidemic has certainly not been confined to the health sector; households, schools, workplaces and economies have also been badly affected. As the HIV prevalence of a country rises, the strainRead MoreThe Invisible Cure By Helen Epstein Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesHIV/AIDS rate is so high in Africa compared to the rest of the world. Through the book, she gives us an account of the disease and the struggles that many health experts and ordinary Africans went through to understand this disease, and how different African countries approached the same problem differently. Through this paper, I will first address the different ways Uganda and Southern African countries, South Africa and Botswana in particular, dealt with this epidemic, and then explain how we canRead MoreAids in Africa Essay 211127 Words   |  5 PagesAfricas AIDS Epidemic Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has become an epidemic for many underdeveloped regions. Although it does exist in the developed nations, it is more prevalent in places like South America, Asia, the island countries and most heavily of all Africa. There are many aspects to the problem of AIDS in Africa. Public health departments lack the resources to treat patients properly and to control the epidemic through education. Thirty-three million people have AIDSRead MoreColonization in Botswana1606 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Colonization in the Country of Botswana Botswana’s peaceful transition to independence was unique and historical on the continent of Africa; yet Botswana’s road to a stabilized government and economic success lack perfection. Unlike any other country in Africa, Botswana applied for their independence from the British and their request was accepted. Simultaneously the British became the protectorate over Botswana territory at the request of the Tswana chiefs. According to GretchenRead MoreThe Suburban Zip Code 402231136 Words   |  5 Pagesadvancing to the next stage: Population decline. Botswana population Pyramid Botswana is a landlocked country located in Africa, bordered by: South Africa, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It has been one of the fastest growing economies in the world due to an abundance of diamonds in the land. However, the life expectancy here is only about 54 years old because of the vast AIDS epidemic that is going on in certain parts of Africa and all around the world (â€Å"Botswana†). Also, poverty and unemployment are stillRead MoreHiv / Aids And Aids1356 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Introduction to HIV/AIDS†). Proved to be originally from Sub Saharan Africa (S.S Africa) region, HIV/AIDS has spread throughout not only the S.S. Africa, but it eventually becomes the global disaster in the late 20th century (Gus). HIV/AIDS has gained attention from the media when the death many patients by the new emerging disease is reported in Europe and US (Satpathy 27). However, these cases directly refer to S.S. Africa because infected patients either are originally from o r have travelledRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Sub Saharan Africa855 Words   |  4 Pagesworld as a whole should be mortified by what is happening in Sub-Saharan Africa. In places like Swaziland, Botswana, Lesotho poverty, crime and systematic corruption are the tinder for the fire that is the HIV epidemic in Africa. Of the 35 million people living with HIV in the world, 19 million do not know their HIV-positive status. Adolescent girls and young women account for one in four new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa. Women are much more vulnerable to HIV, tuberculosis and hepatitis B andRead MoreAids : A Relatively New Disease1743 Words   |  7 PagesAIDS in South Africa AIDS is a relatively new disease that emerged in the 20th century. It has spread to all parts of the world and claims millions of lives each year. One of the countries that has been impacted the most is South Africa. There are 6.1 million people living with HIV and around 370 000 new cases a year, according to the UNAIDS Global report from 2013. Though major cities like Jonesburg are vastly developed, much of the country still remains rural, which aids in the spread

Taxation Law Residence and Source

Question: Discuss about the Taxation Law for Residence and Source. Answer: Residence and source Discuss whether Fred is a resident of Australia for taxation purposes. Fred, who is an executive of a British corporation has come to Australia to establish a branch of his company. Being on a designated post, he thinks that he must stay in Australia for a period of 12 months according to the law to establish his company in the country. So, he leases a residence in Melbourne for 12 months. After a period of 11 months, he returned back to the UK due to ill health. During this period of 11 months, he received rent on his property in the UK as well as earned interest from investments made by him in France. Hence, in this case, it is to be determined that the income he earned in Australia would come under taxation purposes or not. In order to decide whether Fred is a resident of Australia for taxation purposes, particular factual situation must be considered. However, taxation law of Australia provides certain criteria under which, it can be determined whether taxation should be applicable on him or not. In common situations, a person is considered to be a resident of Australia for tax related purposes, if he/she; Leaves Australia on a temporary basis and does not settle in any other country Is a student from a foreign country and is enrolled in an Australian institution for a period of more than six months Is visiting Australia for a period of more than six months and stay at a same place during that period Migrate to Australia with an intention to stay permanently over here A person is considered to be a foreign resident for taxation purposes, if he/she is; Visiting Australia for a period of more than six months and remain travelling and working in various locations for most of the duration of residence Visiting Australia for vacations for a period of less than six months Leaves Australia permanently than taxation will be applicable from the date of departure from Australia(Australian taxation Office, 2016). After being informed about the residency criteria for taxation purposes in Australia, it can be determined that Fred went to Australia with an intention to establish a branch of his business over there and he stayed there for a period of more than six months i.e. eleven months. He has fulfilled basic requirement of the taxation law of Australia and can be considered eligible to pay taxes for the income earned by him in Australia. Moreover, he stayed at the same place which he took on lease in Australia for eleven months and received rent on his residence in UK. He returned back to the UK only because of his ill health, otherwise his intention was obvious to set up his business in Australia. Considering all these points, it is obvious that Fred is proved to be an Australian resident for tax purposes. Furthermore, under Tax implication laws of Australia, an Australian resident for taxation purposes has to pay taxes on all the income earned by him/her in Australia as well as in any other places of the World. Therefore, he must have to pay taxes on all the income he had earned from investments in France as well as from rent received by him on his property in the UK. Ordinary income Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 The matter of the case was to determine whether the taxpayer was assessable on the profits arising from the sale of the land or not. The decision of the Court of Exchequer was that the profits earned from the sale of the land was assessable for payment of taxes as it was assessed by the Surveyor of Taxes that the profits achieved were of an income nature. Since beginning, it was the intention of the taxpayer and he/she was making an effort to earn profit through sale of his copper-bearing land as he/she never had sufficient funds to mine the land. It was a trading transaction instead of simple substitution of one investment for another(Manyam, 2011). According to the verdict of Lord Justice Clerk, if the owner of an ordinary investment wishes to sale it and obtains more price than he invested on it, the increased price is not considered as profit measurable to pay income tax. However, if an act was done in carrying on or carrying out of a business, the increased value obtained from realisation or conversion of securities may be assessable (minterellison, 2010). Furthermore, the Court explained that if a person or an association of people deal in selling or buying a property in order to obtain profit from it, the gain received by them is liable to be assessed for Income Tax. While explaining the matter, Court stated that it may be difficult to determine whether the amount of gain received by realising a security is simply an enhancement of value or it is a profit received in an operation of business in carrying out a plan for making profit. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 The company carried on the business of mining coal on a land but, when the main coal seam on the land exhausted completely, the company decided to sell the land. To enhance its selling price, the company made expenditure on the land and in return received a good amount on its sale (Bitomsky, 1991). The issue raised in the court was that whether the sale would form a part of ordinary income or realization of capital asset. When the commissioner assessed the gains achieved from the sale of the land, he found that the company had engaged in the business of selling land and therefore, the profits achieved through such a business will be assessable under section 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act (1936). However, the company argued that the profits earned from the sale of the land should not be assessable because the income earned through sale of land and the expenditure done on the land was only to realise a capital asset to receive best advantage out of it (High court of Australia, 1950). The court agreed with the statement of the commissioner and held the decision that the profits earned through sale of land were taxable as the intention of the company was to make profit by selling the land and that it was involved in the business of selling land (Jade, 2016). Hence, the profit received would be considered as an ordinary profit and assessable to tax. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR The company sold a land which was owned by it for domestic purposes by changing the zoning of land and developing it for residential purpose. The matter of issue was whether the profit received on the sale of the subdivided land was assessable for payment of tax over it or the intention of the company was to realise a capital asset. As per the decision of the Court, the company was accountable to pay taxes on the profit received from the sale of the land under section 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act (1936) because the company was found to be carrying on the business of land development instead of only realising a capital asset. The court added that it is necessary for a company to determine its purpose and the purpose of this company was to be determined by the other three companies controlling it (Hart, 2007). After selling its shares to those development companies, purpose of the company transformed to be involved in commercial investments for receiving profits from domestic purposes. Moreover, the development over the land to make it beneficial for residential purposes was more than just the development of the existing asset. The Court applied various other decisions having similar context and held to the decision that the profit earned through the land should be considered to be assessable(CCH Austral ia, 2011). Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 This case was an appeal from a decision of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal in which, the disallowance by the respondent, the Commissioner of Taxation, was confirmed to an objection against assessment of tax payable for the year 1982. The applicants were the trustees of the estate of the deceased. The Commissioner calculated the tax which should be payable by the applicants and adjusted the income of the estate from the amount utilized in conflict during the proceedings. The matter of issue was that the applicants were arguing that the amount calculated by the commissioner was not a part of income and, the profit earned by selling the property was not the carrying in or carrying out of a business for profit and hence, was not the income assessable under Income Tax Act (1936). The arguments of the applicants in the Court were that in the beginning, the property was obtained for grazing purposes and not for property development investments. The owners afterwards decided to sell the land and continued to realise the land by sale after the death of the deceased. Moreover, they had no intention of venturing of capital in establishing a business. The Court made the decision that the appeal of the applicants against the income tax imposed on them for the year should be allowed and the objection against assessment of the profits be sustained. The Court further ordered the Commissioner to pay the applicants the cost of the appeal in the court(Wolters Kluwer, 2016). Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 The dispute was related to a land where a taxpayer acquired a land of 998 acre. He had acquired the land from his father and in 1956; he bought another adjoining land of 40 acres. He started to do different businesses on the land with the help of his family (Jade, 1997). But, due to various factors such as ill health, growing debt and drought, he did not succeed in his businesses. He divided his land into eight divisions. Gradually, he tried to pay his debts by selling small portions of land and there was a time period when a large part of land was lost. Thus, the commissioner stated that the profits which were made by selling small portions of land came under the act of Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. The taxpayer argued on the statement that sale of the property came under capital asset realization and not under profit making or business scheme (cgw, 2010). Hence, the overall case was very different in nature from the regular cases where the taxpayer grabs other lands for business purposes. Instead, the taxpayer had sold his own land for paying his debts. The main aim of the person was to lessen the burden of debt. Other agendas included securing future as the health of the taxpayer was deteriorating. The decision was made in favour of the owner of the land. (Wolters Kluwer, 2016) The reasons for the verdict were the nature of land which was acquired through ancestors and was used for business and residential purposes. Moreover, taxpayer did undergo various approvals for the sale of land. Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 The case involved taxpayer and concerned authorities where the taxpayer received an amount as surplus. The surplus was treated as an income by the commissioner and assessment of the commissioner was summoned by taxpayer. The taxpayer argued that the land was intentionally bought for the cause of resale and was just a circumstantial process. (Flynn, 1999) The taxpayer did purchase a land and was used for sand mining. With the completion of the resource in the land, the land was considered for sale. The land was sold by the taxpayer and the remuneration was tagged under income tax. (Cassidy, 1994) At last, the court provided the verdict favoring taxpayer that the land was not purchased with the intention of resale but as the circumstances, the intention of taxpayer to resell the land was justified. Court refused Dominant purpose test and encouraged dual purpose test. The property was fulfilling the requirements of the buying company and hence, the following transaction was put under revenue account. (Young, 2007) Moreover, the land fulfilled dual purpose. Thus, the profit which was made from reselling the land was justified and was declared as assessable by the honored court. VII. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 The case revolved around the accessibility of the income which was acquired through sale of land. The issue was that whether the remuneration which was gained by the party was an assessable income or not. The court noticed that there was an involvement of taxpayer in the repetitive and systematic transactions during the purchase of land. The same behavior was found during the sale of other properties with division of the purchased land (Prince, 2011). Hence, it showed the interest of the taxpayer in developing his business in terms of land development. There were enough evidences according to the court and it believed that the act of purchasing and selling land was due to the interest of earning profits(Smith, 2003). This type of income came under income tax act and the activities performed by the taxpayer cleared all doubts in the case. The verdict was totally dependent on the nature of transactions and thus, the decision was made by the court. It was stated that the taxpayer contin ued to earn profits due to such transactions and hence, such remuneration which was earned from the plotting and sale of land came under the section 25(1) of Income Tax Assessment Act, 1936. The court checked that whether there was a business activity involved in the nature of transaction. It was found out that the transaction was not isolated in nature and there was full involvement of the taxpayer in all activities. (ATO, 2001) Moreover, it was stated that there can be two types of gains and profits where the first one is categorized under the gains or profits through business transactions while the second type of gain or profit comes under remuneration which is the result of an incident in the activities of business. VIII. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 The above case was related to the involvement of a taxpayer in the sale of townhouses on his purchased land. The taxpayer purchased a land and constructed few townhouses on it. Later, he sold those townhouses and the land was used for the purpose of residence and selling. The commissioner in this case considered the act of sale of houses as an act of profit making and termed the remuneration as ordinary income. The court had to interfere in the matter, it was stated by the court that the only intention of the taxpayer for the purchase of the land was to yield profits and the activity was considered as a commercial act by the court. Hence, the income made from such lands would be reviewed as regular income. There was no evidence from the taxpayer of purchasing the land for the sake of investment and therefore, the gains from such sale of land cannot be considered as capital receipts. Moreover, the court assessed that the use of the property for purpose of residence would not be consid ered as, the sole purpose of purchasing the land was the redevelopment of land (CCH Australia, 2011). Further, the land was sold to earn higher profits after redevelopment. Hence, the intention of the taxpayer was questioned by the court and observing the recent acts performed by the taxpayer, judgment was provided. The intention of taxpayer was to earn high profits and thus, the income generated came under the act of ITAA, 1936. (Wolters Kluwer, 2016). References ATO, 2001. ATO Interpretative Decision. [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=AID/AID200155/00001 [Accessed 19 August 2016]. Australian taxation Office, 2016. Work out your tax residency. [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Work-out-your-tax-residency/ [Accessed 2016]. Bitomsky, G., 1991. The Concept of Assessable Income Has it Changed. Revenue Law Journal, 2(2). Cassidy, J., 1994. The Taxation of Isolated Sales under Section 25 (1) ITAA: TR 93/2 v Joint Submission. Revenue Law Journal, 4(1). CCH Australia, 2011. Australian Tax Casebook. CCH Australia Limited. CCH Australia, L., 2011. Australian Tax Casebook. CCH Australia Limited. cgw, 2010. ATO determines that developer of 22 lot subdivision does not have to register for GST. [Online] Available at: https://www.cgw.com.au/publication/ato-determines-that-developer-of-22-lot-subdivision-does-not-have-to-register-for-gst/ [Accessed 20 August 2016]. Flynn, M., 1999. Distinguishing between Income and Capital Receipts- a Search for Principle. Journal of Australian Taxation, 2(3). Hart, G., 2007. The Limited Impact Of Whitfords Beach In Urban Land Development. Revenue Law Journal, 17(1). High court of Australia, 1950. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T. Jade, 1997. Casimaty, George v Commissioner of Taxation. Jade, 2016. JadeScottish Australian Mining Co Ltd. v Federal Commissioner of Taxation. [Online] Available at: https://jade.io/article/64663 [Accessed 19 August 2016]. Manyam, J., 2011. Taxation Of Gains From Banking and Insurance Businesses In New Zealand. Revenue Law Journal, 20(1). minterellison, 2010. Australian Tax Brief. minterellison, 9 Feb. Prince, J.B., 2011. Property Taxation: A Practical Guide to Saving Tax on Your Property Investments. John Wiley Sons. Smith, A., 2003. Property development Land and Property. Wolters Kluwer, 2016. CASIMATY v FC of T, Federal Court of Australia, 10 December 1997. [Online] Available at: https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio539843sl16716249/casimaty-v-fc-of-t-federal-court-of-australia-10-december-1997 [Accessed 19 August 2016]. Wolters Kluwer, 2016. McCURRY ANOR v FC of T, Federal Court of Australia, 15 May 1998. [Online] Available at: https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio539084sl16707683/mccurry-anor-v-fc-of-t-federal-court-of-australia-15-may-1998 [Accessed 19 August 2016]. Wolters Kluwer, 2016. Statham Anor v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation, Federal Court of Australia, Full Court, 23 December 1988. [Online] Available at: https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio544343sl16788832/statham-anor-v-federal-commissioner-of-taxation-federal-court-of-australia-full-court-23-december-1988 [Accessed 2016]. Young, N.J., 2007. The Historical Significance of the High Court's Decision in Federal Court's Decision in Federal Commissioner of Taxation v The Myer Emporium Ltd. Melbourne University Law Review, 31, pp.266- 294.

Ship of Theseus and Personal Identity

The Ship of Theseus will always be the same. This is due to some reasons. Correlation between identity and change in the world of idealistic field of metaphysics might appear easy but there are some complexities. Whenever an object transforms, it always changes in a certain way.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ship of Theseus and Personal Identity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, a child develops to something different implying that it transforms in terms of size and age. For reptiles such as snakes, they shed their skins. Both the child and the snake remain the same in one way or another. Therefore, properties of an object determine its shape. For illustrative purposes, an item A changes with regard to property B. This could only take place when an object A has property B but at later stage B does not have A. Regarding the Ship of Theseus, the ship changed a lot but it remained the same in terms of its properties. It is the same thing with human life. People change from childhood to mid-adulthood and further to old age. An individual remains the same irrespective of whether he or she is at childhood, mid-adulthood or old age. The Ship of Theseus could have changed in size and shape but it still had some characteristics that distinguished it from other ships. What happened to the ship was mere refurbishment. The ship could have changed completely if the owner decided to destroy it and use the materials to construct something different that does not look like a ship. The concept of recreation vs. destruction is applied explaining this case. The ship cannot be any different because it has all parts that the previous ship had. In case the changes are taken seriously, things would be different whenever we view them for the second time. This would mean that any slight change in properties of an object would affect its existence. Therefore, it is true that properties should be expla ined in terms of time. Indeed, they are indexed to time. A property is temporarily indexed meaning that it is subject to change. According to Leibniz, the ship is the same at all times (Browne 182). This is because ship A has properties that would be found in ship B. On the other hand, ship B has properties that could have been found in ship A. In this case, the common property is the mast. Ships A and B have indexes that are temporary. Irrespective of philosophical theories applied, the Ship of Theseus would always remain the same. Endurantist theory holds that an object will always be the same throughout its history. At each moment in history, the object exists with all its properties. Perdurantist theory on the other hand would claim that objects are four-dimensional entities, which comprises of a sequence of temporal parts (Graves 445). An object is likened to a movie.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OF F Learn More If someone recollected all boards that had been discarded and reassembled them by adding the original sail and mast then the person would still have the Ship of Theseus. Even the ship that had been sailing continuously is still the Ship of Theseus. The real meaning of the word ‘same’ depends on the context. For illustration, the original ship will be assigned letter X, the ship that had been sailing continuously would be labeled as Y while the assembled ship will be branded letter Z. In case the original ship was to be demanded by the original owner because of one reason or another, ship Z would be given to him or her. It would be illegal to give the owner ship Y. It is therefore true to argue that ships X, Y and Z are the same. Ship Y belongs to a different owner because the first owner did not take part in producing it. Materials used in making the second ship that is, Y, have the same features as those used in making both X and Z. Part or whole of Z is the same as X. In fact, the materials used to construct Z are the same as those used in manufacturing X. This does not mean that Y is different. For further illustration, materials used in making ship Y might be changed but the crew remains the same. The crew might as well be transferred to work in ships X and Z. The issue of ‘sameness’ is a matter of convention. There are some factors that people consider before declaring something to be the same with another. Two things might be declared the same based on one principle. For the Ship of Theseus, X was the same as Y because materials used in constructing them had the same characteristics. Equally, Y could be said to be the same as Z in terms of properties. Conversely, X and Z are said to be the same because materials from X were used in manufacturing Z. The three ships are also the same because the same crew can operate them. In conclusion, the problem of personal identity is related to change. An elderly person in his or her late 80s was the same person when he or she was in his or her early 20s. Works Cited Browne, Ray. Objects of Special Devotion: Fetishism in Popular Culture. New York, NY: Popular Press, 1982. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ship of Theseus and Personal Identity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Graves, Robert. The Golden Fleece. London: Hutchinson, 1983. Print. This essay on Ship of Theseus and Personal Identity was written and submitted by user MarcusVanSciver to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Artistic Aesthetics of Monet and Degas essays

The Artistic Aesthetics of Monet and Degas essays Although from the same artist group, the Impressionists originated from backgrounds that seemed worlds apart. Claude Monet, known as the "Master Impressionist" varied the themes in his artwork more than any other artist did. Monet's work "Impression Sunrise", of which the term "Impressionist" originates also gives rise to the title "Master Impressionist." Edgar Degas started his career as an artist with nothing in common with Monet but the era in which they lived. From themes to brushstrokes and choices of colours, Monet and Degas started their relationship as Impressionist artists on opposite ends of the earth. However, towards the climax of their lives as artists, Monet aided Degas in adopting Impressionist Aesthetic qualities. Monet chose to depict exquisite landscapes from his own gardens and elsewhere, particularly in France. He uses small, elegant brush strokes and vibrant colour to match the scenes he paints. In the mid-1870's, Monet's influence over Degas lead Degas to lean his colour choices nearer to those of other Impressionists. In addition to this, Degas began employing pastels, which gave his works a more granular affect that more closely resembled those of other Impressionists. For numerous years in his life, after attempting to paint his the first of his famous "Haystacks", and, being unable to seize the right shading or colours due to the rising sun, Monet was intrigued by the affect of weather and light on his outdoor projects. On the other hand, Degas, although also concentrated mainly in France, based his works on people, nudes and ballerinas in particular. Monet never painted a nude. Monet and Degas' earlier works have notably different brush stroke styles. While Monet has tended to lean towards the short, choppy and yet delicate, Degas' strokes blended virtuously unnoticeable. However, these seem to correspond with their earlier themes and objectives. Monet mastered the art of illus...

Revenue Management, Implementation and Preconditions Article

Revenue Management, Implementation and Preconditions - Article Example Studies have cited that the RM has evolved over 30 years ago, in the early 70s Littlewood and Rothstein have explored the revenue management practice in the airlines and hotels. In 1978, during the deregulation in the airline industry, the importance of RM was ascertained as an implementation of it can increase the revenue above 5%. Therefore the scope of RM was restricted to capacity scheduling and distribution. After illustrating the definition and the evolution of Revenue management the chapter will move on to the literature review. The report will address the various tools of revenue management in the traditional and non-traditional industries and the importance of such tools in an efficient management system. In the end, the study will comprise of the critical comparison and reflection with respect to both the industries and a summary of the entire project addressing the recommendation. The report works on the yield management system and its implementation in both the aviation a nd the restaurant industries. Initially, it looks at the preconditions and the implementation process. Then it will take a deeper review of the implementation of YM through models and the impacts of the external factors and SWOT analysis of such system within the two different industries.  After the American Deregulation Act that loosened the price restriction in  the USA, the airline companies had started to plan their own prices. The main objective of Airline industry is to maximize profit by regularizing pricing and availability of its single perishable commodity like seats. RM is immensely profitable for airlines because it can generate high profits. The process of revenue management covers fare setting and seat inventory management. The management involves taking the decision on the number of seats to be reserved for late booking.

Nature of reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nature of reality - Essay Example Reality is in its natural form undisputable, primal, and eternal. It has existed in one form and is of likely to change (Adamson, 2002). Perceptions and the senses only give one an appearance, which is subject to change depending on the point of view as well as on differences between people or senses. A blind person has no perception for different colors, but his not being able to see does not make a leaf, for instance, greener or less green. This implies that we cannot depend on the senses to learn the nature of reality. That which exist in a single form regardless of the changes in senses, time, physical conditions or appearances are more real than its perceived form. In the case of the airplane, therefore, being less dependent on perception and appearances we would say that the idea is more real than the physical airplane. This is because, the physical airplane is nothing to someone who was born blind. He does not see the plane and any explanation would yield nothing. However, the idea behind the airplane is easily understood. In the same line, if all the physical airplane were destroyed, anybody who knew of the idea, even without having seen an airplane will not have lost anything. The idea will still exist because it is more

The Relationship Between Exchange Rates Essay Example for Free

The Relationship Between Exchange Rates Essay The relationship between exchange rates, interest rates †¢ In this lecture we will learn how exchange rates accommodate equilibrium in ï ¬ nancial markets. For this purpose we examine the relationship between interest rates and exchange rates. Interest rates are the return to holding interest-bearing ï ¬ nancial assets. In the previous lecture we have pointed out that as being a ï ¬ nancial asset exchange rates tend to adjust more quickly to new information that goods prices. Like exchange rates, interest rates are also the prices of ï ¬ nancial assets and hence adjust quickly to new information. †¢ The proï ¬ t-seeking arbitrage activity will bring about an interest parity relationship between interest rates of two countries and exchange rate between these countries. †¢ A U.S. investor deciding between investing say in New York and in Tokyo must consider several things: – the interest rate in the U.S., i$ , (interest rate in aU.S ¿ dollar denominated bond, or rate of return in a U.S. dollar denominated US stock etc), interest rate in Japan (iY ; – the spot exchange rate, S; and – the future exchange rate for maturity date, forward rate, F . †¢ If the investor did not lock in a future exchange rate now, the unknown future spot exchange rate would make the investment risky. The investor can eliminate the uncertainty over the future dollar value of the investment by covering the investment with a forward exchange contract. †¢ If the investor covers the investment with a forward contract the arbitrage between two investment opportunities results in a covered interest parity (CIP) condition: (1 + i$ ) = (1 + iY ) 1 F S (1) which may be rewritten as (1 + i$ ) F = (1 + iY ) S (2) †¢ The interest rate parity equation can be approximated for small interest rates by: i$ − iY = F −S S (3) †¢ This later equation says that interest diï ¬â‚¬erential between a US denominated investment instrument and a Yen denominated investment instrument is equal to the forward premium or discount on the Yen. †¢ Example: i$ = 5%, iY = 3%. Suppose S = 0.0068 dollars per Yen. What should be the 90-day forward rate? 0.05 − 0.03 = F − 0.0068 0.0068 F = 0.0068 + 0.02 âˆâ€" 0.0068 = 0.00694 Thus we expect that a 90-day forward rate of $0.00694 to give a 90-day forward premium equal to the 0.02 interest diï ¬â‚¬erential. †¢ If the forward exchange rates were not consistent with the respective interest rates, then arbitrageurs could proï ¬ t by immediately changing currency in the spot market, investing it and locking in the proï ¬ table forward exchange rate. These actions in the market would increase the spot rate and lower the forward rate, bringing the forward premium into line with the interest diï ¬â‚¬erential. †¢ Suppose the actual 90-day forward rate is not 0.00694 dollars per yen but 0.0071 dollars per yen. Then proï ¬ t-seeking arbitrageurs could buy Yen spot, then invest and sell the Yen forward for dollars, since the forward price of Yen is higher than that implied by the covered interest parity relation. These actions will tend to increase spot rate and lower the forward rate, thereby bringing the forward premium back in line with the interest diï ¬â‚¬erential. 2 †¢ The interest rate parity condition (CIP) can be used to compute eï ¬â‚¬ective return on a foreign investment. Re-write (3) as: i$ = i Y + F −S S (4) This latter equation says that the return on a US dollar denominated asset (US dollar interest rate) is given by the Japanese interest rate plus the forward premium or discount on Yen. If CIP holds then equation (4) will hold as well. †¢ What happens when an investor does not use the forward market? Then we can not expect eï ¬â‚¬ective return on US dollar denominated asset be given by (4) as the investor in question will not be able to get the premium on Yen (or lose the discount). In this case, we say investor has an uncovered investment. The eï ¬â‚¬ective return then will be determined by the Japanese interest rate plus the change in the spot exchange rate between today and say 90 days from now. Letting it be the domestic interest rate on a domestic currency denominated asset, say US Dollar, between date t and t + 1, and similarly iâˆâ€" stands for foreign interest rate, t the eï ¬â‚¬ective return on a domestic currency denominated ï ¬ nancial asset will be given by: â ˆâ€" it = it + ∆St+1 (5) Which in our example will be i$ = iY + ∆S without time subscript. †¢ Suppose in the example we have been considering so far, the US investor did not use the forward market. After 90 days when the investor go to change Yen back to dollars, she ï ¬ nds that the Yen has appreciated against US dollar say by 1 percent. This means that your Yen buys 1 percent more dollars than they did before. This means that eï ¬â‚¬ective return on Yen investment then will be given by iY + ∆S = 0.03 + 0.01 = 0.04. 3 Hence, the return on a foreign investment plus the expected change in the exchange rate (in the value of Yen) is our expected return on a Yen investment. †¢ If the forward exchange rate is equal to expected future spot rate (Mathematically this means that E [St+1 | given all the available information] = Ft ) then the forward premium/discount is also equal to the expected change in the exchange rate. In this case we say that uncovered interest parity, (UIP) holds. †¢ More formally UIP condition says that the expected change in spot exchange rate is equal to interest diï ¬â‚¬erential. E(St+1) − St = i t − iâˆâ€" t St (6) where for E denotes the expectation operator. At this level you don’t need to worry about what this operator means, you can simply think ESt+1 denoting the expected future value of spot rate. †¢ As above analysis indicate forward exchange rates incorporate expectations about the future spot exchange rates. If the forward exchange rate is equal to the expected future spot rate, then the forward premium is also the expected change in the exchange rate. In this case, UIP is said to hold. †¢ Empirical studies indicate that there are small deviations from CIP. These deviations are possible due to presence of transactions cost, diï ¬â‚¬erential taxation across countries on the returns from investing in ï ¬ nancial markets, government control, and political risk involved in investing in diï ¬â‚¬erent countries. However, these deviations are small enough to assume that CIP holds true almost exactly in the real world data. Therefore, we can say that proï ¬ t-seeking arbitrage activities eliminate proï ¬ t opportunities in the exchange rate markets. Hence, CIP condition can be viewed an equilibrium condition that characterizes the relationship between spot exchange rate, forward rate and interest rates of two countries. 4 †¢ The problem arise in showing if the UIP holds or not in the data. Extensive studies have shown that UIP does not hold in the data especially for the industrialized countries. This means that percentage change in expected future spot rate is not equal to interest diï ¬â‚¬erential. Or, forward rate is not equal to expected future spot rate. Mathematically, this implies that there are deviations from UIP condition stated in (6) above. That is, it − iâˆâ€" − t ESt+1 − St =0 St This means that eï ¬â‚¬ective return diï ¬â‚¬erential is not equal to zero. There are several explanations given in the literature. – there should be proï ¬ t opportunities in the exchange rate market that are being exploited by the investors. That may be possible if the inside trading type of activities are possible and used extensively. In other words, there are informational asymmetries in the market, some investors have more information than others and they make positive proï ¬ ts. Although, this may explain part of the puzzle especially in the very short run, it is hard to believe that these informational asymmetries persist for a long time, especially in ï ¬ nancial markets where information ï ¬â€šow is very rapid and exchange rates adjust rapidly to new information. – It is possible to think that investors are systematically making mistakes in predicting the future value of spot exchange rate. That is, Ft = ESt+1 for a prolonged period of time. This means that forward rate is a biased predictor of future spot rate. Here biased means that it does not correctly predicts the future value of spot exchange rate on average. In other words, an unbiased predictor means that it predicts on average correctly the future value of a price, say exchange rate, so that over the long run the forward rate is just as likely to overpredict the future spot rate as it is to underpredict. Unbiased predictor does not mean that forward rate is a good predictor. What it 5 means is that forward rate is just as likely to guess too high as it is too low future spot rates. There is some evidence that indicates that investors in foreign exchange rate market make systematic mistakes in predicting the future value of spot exchange rate and hence causing systematic deviations from UIP. It may be possible to think scenarios where investors make mistakes in their forecast of future values of asset prices, but the magnitude of these mistakes shouldn’t be that large to account the large deviations we observe in UIP. That is, it is hard to understand why especially over longer time periods investors make big mistakes in a systematic fashion. Over time at least we should expect these errors to shrink a level where deviations from UIP become smaller. – Another explanation is that there should be a premium to take a risk by not covering the investment. This idea is based on the behavior of investors in taking risk. The eï ¬â‚¬ective return diï ¬â‚¬erential between two countries should be dependent on the perceived risk on each asset and the risk aversion of the investors. The risk aversion refers to the tendency of investors to prefer less risk. In terms of investments two investors may agree on the degree of risk associated with two assets, but the more risk-averse investor would require a higher interest rate on the more risky asset to induce her to hold it then the less risky-averse investor would. In ï ¬ nance, by risk we mean the variability of return from any given investment. This is because the more variable the return from an investment is, the less certain we can be about its future value. If investors diï ¬â‚¬er in their risk taking behavior we may observe that deviations from UIP and hence, changes in risk and risk aversion are associated with changes in eï ¬â‚¬ective return diï ¬â‚¬erential (that is interest diï ¬â‚¬erential). That is, it − iâˆâ€" − t ESt+1 â ˆ’ St = f (risk,riskaversion) St 6 The left hand side of this equation is the eï ¬â‚¬ective return diï ¬â‚¬erential (or deviations from UIP). The right hand side can be viewed as the risk premium. âˆâ€" – Since CIP conditionit − it = Ft −St Stholds almost exactly, subtracting ex-pected change in exchange rate from both sides: âˆâ€" it − it − Ft − St ESt+1 − St ESt+1 − St = − St St St Ft − ESt+1 ESt+1 − St = St St (7) or it − iâˆâ€" − t (8) Thus, we ï ¬ nd that the eï ¬â‚¬ective return diï ¬â‚¬erential (or deviations from UIP) is equal to the percentage diï ¬â‚¬erence between forward and expected future spot exchange rate. The right hand side of (7) is usually considered to be a measure of risk premium in the forward exchange rate market. If eï ¬â‚¬ective return diï ¬â‚¬erential is zero, then risk premium will be zero. If it is positive, then there is a positive risk premium on the domestic currency, because the expected future spot price of foreign currency is less than the prevailing forward rate. In other words, traders are oï ¬â‚¬ering to sell foreign currency for domestic currency in the future will receive a premium, in that foreign currency is expected to depreciate (relative to domestic currency) by an amount greater than the current forward rates. Conversely, traders wishing to buy foreign currency for delivery next period will pay a premium to the future sellers to ensure a set future price. The relationship between interest rates and inï ¬â€šation †¢ The real interest rate reï ¬â€šects the nominal interest rate with an adjustment for inï ¬â€šation. In other words, real interest rate is the nominal interest rate adjusted for inï ¬â€šation. †¢ Generally, the nominal interest rate will tend to incorporate inï ¬â€šation expectations. The relationship between interest rates and inï ¬â€šation is given by the Fisher equation: i=r+Ï€ (9) where i is the nominal interest rate, r is the real interest rate and Ï€ is the expected inï ¬â€šation rate. An increase in Ï€ will tend to increase the nominal interest rate. †¢ If the real rate of interest is the same across countries, then the Fisher can be combined with CIP equation: i$ − iY = Ï€U S − Ï€J = F −S S (10) This latter equation says that if real interest rates are the same internationally, then nominal interest rate diï ¬â‚¬erential diï ¬â‚¬er solely by diï ¬â‚¬erences in expected inï ¬â€šation. †¢ Note that relative exchange rate is given by the inï ¬â€šation diï ¬â‚¬erential and assuming that PPP, Fisher equation, and interest rate diï ¬â‚¬erential hold then real interest rates are equalized across countries. The expected exchange rates and the interest rates †¢ The pattern of interest rates over diï ¬â‚¬erent time periods for diï ¬â‚¬erent investment opportunities is known as term structure of interest rates. There are several interest rates. Short run interest rates, long run interest rates, namely 1 month, 3-month, 6-months etc. There are several theories explaining the the structure of interest rates on diï ¬â‚¬erent investment opportunities over time. – Expectations: the long term interest rates tend to equal to the average of short-term rates expected over the holding period. The expected return that will be generated from holding a 10 year bond should be on average be the the sum of holding a series of short term bonds, say 30-day bond rates. – Liquidity premium: Long term investment instruments must incorporate a risk premium since investors prefer short term investments. As the term of 8 holding an instrument rises, the interest rate on that instrument should rise as well. – Preferred Habitat: There exists separate markets for short and long term assets, with interest rates determined by conditions in each market. †¢ Under conditions of freely ï ¬â€šowing capital across countries, the term structures in diï ¬â‚¬erent currencies infer expected exchange rate changes, even if forward exchange markets for these currencies do not exist. †¢ If the term structure lines for two currencies are: – parallel, then exchange rate changes are expected to be constant; – diverging, then the high interest rate currency is expected to depreciate at an increasing rate over time; – converging, then the high-interest rate currency is expected to depreciate at a declining rate relative to the low-interest rate currency.

The Importance of Educating Jail and Prison Inmates Essay -- importanc

Summary This paper explores the benefits provided by educational programs in jails and prisons. Included are the reasons inmates need education in order to successfully reenter society once they are released and use the knowledge and skills they have learned to obtain a job in order to support themselves and their families. Also examined in the paper are the financial benefits of incorporating educational programs instead of cutting them, as well as the effect these programs play on the recidivism rate. Lastly is a focus on understanding the importance of education and job training, even though the recipients are criminals. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A controversial issue in the criminal justice field is whether or not educational programs should be offered to inmates in jail while they are incarcerated. While some might argue that taxpayers should not be forced to fund these types of programs, others agree that it is extremely beneficial to not only the inmates but also the taxpayers. Not only are the inmates the people in society who need education the most, but studies have shown a significant decrease in the recidivism rate of inmates who participated in educational programs while incarcerated. Jails and prisons should increase educational programs to inmates because inmates need education more than ever, it is more financially efficient to provide educational programs and it significantly reduces the recidivism rate. According to experts and inmates, education is a key to successful reentry into society that most inmates are lacking. Over the past twenty years, the need for education within jails and prisons has risen to an all-time high... ...grams-could-save-money Buss, E. G. (2010). Stepping stones to successful reentry. Corrections Today, 72(4), 6-10. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/746486739?accountid=38223 Esperian, J. H. (2010). The effect of prison education programs on recidivism. Journal of Correctional Education, 61(4), 316-334. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/871418247?accountid=38223 Skorton, D., & Altschuler, G. (2013, March 25). College behind bars: How educating prisoners pays off. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/collegeprose/2013/03/25/college-behind-bars-how-educating-prisoners-pays-off/ Steurer, S. J., Linton, J., Nally, J., & Lockwood, S. (2010). The top-nine reasons to increase correctional education programs. Corrections Today, 72(4), 40-43. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/746496632?accountid=38223

Racial Formation Summary Essay

Racial Formations by Michael Omi and Howard Winant, in my eyes, successfully explained how we as a society view race and gives us a sense of how it is observed within social contexts. Omi and Winant used media, ideas, and everyday examples to portray their views about race. Omi and Winant’s article began with the Susie Guillory Phipps’s case about how she had (Omi and Winant 2014) â€Å"unsuccessfully sued the Louisiana Bureau of Vital Records† (p.13) because she wanted to change her racial distinction from black to white on her birth certificate. Phipps argument was that racial classifications were unconstitutional. However, the court had upheld the belief that classifying individuals based on race was indeed constitutional. The Phipps case demonstrated for many centuries, that the United States had always tried to define race and how it is to fit within our social context. Omi and Winant then goes on to say this struggle to define race is not only seen in the U nited States, but is seen in other locations around the world, such as Europe. With exploration of the new world, many Europeans had believed that anyone who was not white had to have lesser freedom, if any at all, because these non-white were seen as inferior and less fit for society. Even to this every day, many individuals try to discover the â€Å"scientific meaning† of race. These individuals want to argue that race in not (Omi and Winant 2014) â€Å"social, political, or economic determination† (p. 15) but instead race can be found within an individual’s underlying characteristics which can be identified through skin color or physical attributes. Omi and Winant further showed how race can be seen as a social concept as well. For example, they explained how many people in contemporary British politics use the term black to mean any nonwhites, which surprisingly has not lead to any retaliation by any people. As a matter of fact, some Asian and Afro-Caribbean youth are using the term for self identity. Omi and Winant explains this phenomenon as â€Å"racial formations† which refers to the (Omi and Winant 2014) â€Å"process of by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories, and by which they are shaped by racial meanings† (p.15). Omi and Winant also goes on to explain within everyday life, individuals tend to create racial identities for others. These preconceived thoughts are like expectations we give  ourselves about other races. These preconceived thoughts did not just occur over night, they are a result of the historical events that has occurred over time and still shape the way we think about other races to this very day. Constructing Race, Cheating, White Privilege Constructing Race, Creating White Privilege by Pem Davidson Buck illustrated from the beginning of European colonization, there was a sense of how white individuals granted themselves privileges that no other race could have. To keep these racial privileges separate, laws such as the one in 1691punished European women who married African Americans or Native American men. The white individuals were so driven to separate themselves from other races, that European men who had children with an African or Native American, or any slave for that matter, were not responsible for the children. This meant that African American or the Natives did not become wealthy and was done so that the white people did not feel threatened by other race’s power. Buck then goes on to say that (2014) â€Å"Whites had an equal interest in the maintenance of whiteness and white privilege, and that it was the elite† (pg.35). This meant that white supremacy was taught to others and thus engraved in their minds for years after. All this was created so that whites would have power over other races. Additionally, whites reserved the right to whip African Americans; however, it was illegal to whip white people. On top of this, African Americans were denied the right to having a family just because husbands could have authority for their wives and not their owners. Buck then goes into talks about Psychological Wage. Buck describes psychological wage as having a feeling of superiority for the poor whites because their whiteness made up for the terrible economic situation they were in. This sense of superiority further helped the rich whites because the poor had supported this separate racial system and thus the rich had control of labor and the economy.

The American Renaissance Transcendentalism, Romanticism and Dark Romanticism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1084 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/08 Category Philosophy Essay Level High school Tags: Transcendentalism Essay Did you like this example? The American Renaissance period, circa 1820-1865, announced a new sense of nationalism that focused on the expression of modernism, academic classicism, and technology. The movement developed from various American authors trying to formulate a distinctive American literature based upon the works of European literature. However, these novels, poems, and short stories that were created, made use of innate dialect, scenery, and historical figures, in order to touch base on the American issues of this time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The American Renaissance: Transcendentalism, Romanticism and Dark Romanticism" essay for you Create order Some of the considerable issues during this time included abolitionism and religious tolerance. With the influence of these circumstances during the American Renaissance period, Transcendentalism, Romanticism, and Dark Romanticism became to take root within the world of literature by virtue of authors like Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Edgar Allan Poe. The academic movement, Transcendentalism, was closely associated with the American Renaissance. This development is a system of knowledge based on the idea that humans are fundamentally pleasant, that humanitys deepest verities may be created through insight rather than reason, and that all of creation is predominantly unified. Transcendentalism became prominent among scholars and ministers in advocating the expansion of a national culture and social reform. It also served as a statue to debate world issues such as abolition of slavery, workers rights, womens suffrage, and freedom of religion. The most powerful piece of literature that was published during this time period was The Dial, founded in 1840 by Margaret Fuller and Ralph Waldo. These dispatches from Italy, played a major role in precipitating the Civil War. (Fleche, Andre) This served as an assembly for the publication of fiction, essays, and poetry by several foremost American Transcendentalist and American writers. The arts and literature movement, Romanticism took place based on a cultural revolution. Romanticism incorporated the principles of imagination, individuality, and spirituality. Against the strongly misconceived conception, Romanticism was not developed by love. Instead, it has been historically affiliated with narratives full of adventure and romance that stems from myths rather than stories based on historical events. However, the stories that were published during this time period do have a sense of realism to them due to the storylines being influenced by political, social, and economic changes. Dark Romanticism is a derivative of Romanticism. The gothic, the grim, and the unpropitious are just a few words to describe this fascinating movement that took place during the 19th century. These adjectives that are continuously embraced, helped to shape this movement into what is now one of the most popular sub-genres. Life was presented in the Dark Romantics as being colorful, yet dark, structured, yet impulsive, and predictable, yet paradoxical. Unlike the Romantics, the Dark Romantics set their stories based upon the wickedness and evil that is within man. They acknowledged both the good and evil in humans. Prominent Dark Romanticism authors during this time period were Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, and Herman Melville. Nathaniel Hawthorne is known for several of his Dark Romantics, including Young Goodman Brown, The Ministers Black Veil, and The Scarlet Letter. The short story, Young Goodman Brown, is set through the streets of Salem (Norton Anthology 347) and tells of a man that sets out in woods filled with deepening gloom (Norton Anthology 349) where he is faced with his future by seeing the shape of evil (Norton Anthology 353). This short story is set as a Dark Romantic as Hawthorne goes over all the dark, and gruesome details of Young Goodman Browns travels. Another one of Hawthornes popular Dark Romantic tales is The Ministers Black Veil, published in 1832.This tale is set within a puritan town, where the natives are made aware of their sins. It was common for Hawthorne to use references to the Salem Witch Trails, as it is so that his great-great grandfather, John Hathorne, was a judge at the trial, which Hawthorne gained a great deal of inspiration from. This only further sets the eeriness of his stories apart from other authors of Dark Romantics. Authors during Hawthornes time period gained inspiration from Hawthornes dim works of literature. One of those authors is Herman Melville. Herman Melville is known for his novel Moby Dick. Melvil le published Moby Dick, a Dark Romantic, a year after The Scarlet Letter was published, in dedication to Hawthorne (Bolton 36). Not only did Hawthornes, The Scarlet Letter, have a long effect on Melville, but it also has a long-standing inclusion in high school and college American Literature syllabi (Bolton 37). This ensures that generations to come will continue to encounter Dark Romantic novelist like Hawthorne, and Melville. Another prominent Dark Romantic author during this time period is Edgar Allan Poe. Poe had many dark short stories, one being The Fall of the House of Asher. This story tells of a family that is falling apart as their house his literally falling around them. The first line of the story includes the adjectives, dull, dark and soundless (Norton Anthology 629). These words are used to describe an Autumn day. A day that should be full of color however, Dark Romantic author, Poe described it in as any dark author would. Poe uses this story along with many other o f his stories to not only express this sub-genre in words but also within music. The Fall of the House of Usher, is used to evoke music as a figure for both diseased sympathy and madness, says Sean Kelly. There is a loose vague connection between the words and the characters, that sets the dark, gloomy tone. Hawthorne, Poe, and Melville are all very influential Dark Romantics. They were able to acknowledge the existence of pain, sin, and evil within the lives of humans, and even formed a counterpoint to the Transcendentalists. With these authors use of dark adjective and symbols, they were able to portray works of literature that are categorized as Dark Romantics, allowing the authors to play a vital role in the American Renaissance. The American Renaissance period took place from approximately 1820-1865. During this time period, Transcendentalism, Romanticism, and Dark Romanticism began to flourish. However, the three had very different views of the world. Transcendentalists believed that God is present in every aspect of nature, Romanticists believed that intuition, imagination, and emotion are superior to reason, and the Dark Romanticists believed that spiritual facts lie beneath the appearance of nature. Although all of the differ, each one has a group of literary authors, such as Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Edgar Allan Poe, that have made a difference in the world of literature.